[article ID:301]

Colonial countries collections up to 1945

Cyprus - 424

Gibraltar- 1

Malta- 435 [Total = 860]

Europe total = 41,898

Objects from former colonies of the UK form only 2 per cent of the total European collections up to 1945, this is a tiny percentage but is probably in proportion to the overall population and geographic size of the European colonies against Europe as a whole.

As far as Cyprus is concerned, the collection probably predates colonialisation (colonialisation from 1878, collection amassed by 1880) which would further reduce this very low percentage if taken into account.

Colonial countries [Archaeology and Ethnography] v non-colonial

Archaeology:

Colonial countries collections up to 1945

Cyprus - 270

Gibraltar - 0

Malta- 395 [Total = 665]

Europearchaeology total = 26,575

That is, both Cyprus and Malta are one percent each of the total European archaeological collections up to 1945

Ethnography:

Colonial countries collections up to 1945

Cyprus - 150

Gibraltar - 1

Malta- 40 [Total = 191]

Europe ethnography total = 14,394

That is, Cypriot collections are only 1 per cent of the total European ethnographic collections up to 1945, Gibraltar and Malta are both under 1 per cent.

For both archaeology and ethnographic collections up to 1945 being a colony of the UK does not appear to have increased the chances of having objects represented in the collections. In Part II the largest counntries collections are listed.

[article ID:302]

Europe:

Agriculture - 380

Animalia - 862

Animal Gear - 562

Bag - 181

Barkcloth - no items

Basketry - 91

Body Art - 23

Box - 1479

Carving - 50

Ceremonial - 184

Children - 189

Clothing - 976

Commemoration - 22

Cordage - 77

Currency - 707

Dance - 33

Death - 324

Dwelling - 149

Fan - 30

Figure - 1191

Fire - 1389

Fishing - 305

Food - 701

Furniture Dwelling - 41

Geology - 1075

Headhunting - 1

Hunting - 91

Insignia - 180

Lighting - 1,445

Lock - 213

Marriage - 34

Mask - 4

Measurement - 514

Medicine - 209

Metallurgy - 33

Model - 505

Music - 928

Narcotic - 317

Navigation - 195

Ornament & Bead - 2,456

Photograph - 396

Physical Anthropology - 378

Picture - 694

Plant - 296

Pottery - 4,984

Punishment and Torture - 47

Religion - 1,637

Reproduction - 1,292

Scientific Apparatus - 12

Signal - 8

Specimen - 1,540

Sport - 32

Status - 84

Technique - 1,004

Textile - 2,138

Theatre - 87

Time - 128

Toilet - 323

Tool - 21,018

Toy & Game - 906

Trade - 359

Transport - 304

Vessel - 1,469

Weapon - 5,879

Writing - 985

Classes of European objects in descending order:

Definite tool - 17,776

Pottery - 4,984

Weapon - 2,637

Ornament & Bead - 2,456

Textile - 2,138

Religion - 1,637

Specimen - 1,540

Box - 1,479

Vessel - 1,469

Lighting - 1,445

Fire - 1,389

Reproduction - 1,292

Figure - 1,191

Geology - 1,075

Technique - 1,004

Writing - 985

Clothing - 976

Music - 928

Toy & Game - 906

Animalia - 862

Currency - 707

Food - 701

Animal Gear - 562

Measurement - 514

Model - 505

Photograph - 396

Picture - 694

Agriculture - 380

Physical Anthropology - 378

Trade - 359

Death - 324

Toilet - 323

Narcotic - 317

Fishing - 305

Transport - 304

Plant - 296

Lock - 213

Medicine - 209

Navigation - 195

Children - 189

Ceremonial - 184

Bag - 181

Insignia - 180

Dwelling - 149

Time - 128

Basketry - 91

Hunting - 91

Theatre - 87

Status - 84

Cordage - 77

Carving - 50

Punishment and Torture - 47

Furniture Dwelling - 41

Marriage - 34

Dance - 33

Metallurgy - 33

Sport - 32

Fan - 30

Body Art - 23

Commemoration - 22

Scientific Apparatus - 12

Signal - 8

Mask - 4

Headhunting - 1

Tool and weapon are in the same place for both global statistics up to 1945 and Europe (they are included with double-counting between their categories). Pottery is higher in Europe than globally [up to 3rd place from 5th]. Ornaments and beads are one place lower in Europe than globally. Textiles are much more common objects in Europe than globally (up from 11th place to 5th). Religious objects, vessels, figures, and animalia are slightly less in Europe than globally, as is clothing [down from 8th position globally to 17th in Europe). Music is also much lower in Europe rather surprisingly (down from 10th to 18th position) as are toys and games (down from 12 to 19). Specimens, boxes, writting are larger proportionally in Europe than in the global collections. Lighting is foundvery much more often in Europe than in the overall collections [10th position in Europe, 30th generally) as is Fire [11th position as opposed to 23rd], reproduction [12 th position in Europe, 34th generally, geology [14 from 25]and finally Technique [15 from 22].

Definite tools - 17,776

Definite weapons - 2,637

Tools or weapons - 3,242

Stone tools [definite] - 14,426

Percentage of definite tools that are stone = 81 per cent

If you want to compare the orders of all classes you will need to consult the global statistics paper which gives the order for all classes globally.

For each country we will look at the top 10 objects globally against each country plus the three other classes which appear in the Europe top 10 (textiles, boxes and lighting)

Albania

Clothing - 21

Figures - 3

Music - 5

Ornaments & Beads - 35

Pottery - 1

Religion - 8

Specimens - 2

Tools - 34

Vessels - 0

Weapons - 78

Boxes - 1

Lighting - 0

Textiles - 10

From these selected classes weapons are by far the largest category.

Andorra

There are no objects that match the selected classes from Andorra, all 3 objects from that country are time related (3 sundials )

Austria

Clothing - 11

Figures - 21

Music - 14

Ornaments & Beads - 86

Pottery - 14

Religion - 11

Specimens - 4

Tools - 17

Vessels - 0

Weapons - 15

Boxes - 9

Lighting - 6

Textiles - 0

The largest class of objects from the selected list from Austria is ornaments and beads.

Belarus

Clothing - 4

The only objects from Belarus are shoes.

Belgium

Clothing - 0

Figures - 28

Music - 56

Ornaments & Beads - 3

Pottery - 17

Religion - 21

Specimens - 27

Tools - 252

Vessels - 2

Weapons - 62

Boxes - 26

Lighting - 49

Textiles - 27

Tools are the largest single category of objects from the selected list, all but 20 or so of them are archaeological

Bosnia Herzegovina Yugoslavia

Clothing - 22

Figures - 0

Music - 20

Ornaments & Beads - 36

Pottery - 12

Religion - 13

Specimens - 1

Tools - 11

Vessels - 1

Weapons - 52

Boxes - 3

Lighting - 2

Textiles - 2

Bulgaria

Clothing - 3

Figures - 3

Ornaments & Beads - 13

All Bulgarian objects are ornaments

Croatia Yugoslavia

Clothing - 18

Figures - 5

Music - 6

Ornaments & Beads - 17

Pottery - 0

Religion - 10

Specimens - 0

Tools - 0

Vessels - 1

Weapons - 1

Boxes - 1

Lighting - 2

Textiles - 8

Cyprus

Clothing - 2

Figures - 115

Music - 19

Ornaments & Beads - 6

Pottery - 200

Religion - 37

Specimens - 84

Tools - 37

Vessels - 115

Weapons - 37

Boxes - 0

Lighting - 23

Textiles - 124

Czech Republic

Clothing - 1

Figures - 2

Music - 4

Ornaments & Beads - 19

Pottery - 0

Religion - 14

Specimens - 2

Tools - 4

Vessels - 0

Weapons - 3

Boxes - 1

Lighting - 1

Textiles - 3

Denmark

Clothing - 48

Figures - 9

Music - 2

Ornaments & Beads - 51

Pottery - 6

Religion - 39

Specimens - 26

Tools - 606

Vessels - 9

Weapons - 310

Boxes - 5

Lighting - 8

Textiles - 36

Of the 606 tools 498 are stone tools and all but 2 of these are archaeological. Tools and weapons dominate the Danish collection, there is a good deal of double counting between the two categories - 274 objects are defined as being both tools and weapons or as being either / or. By counting both tools and weapons, tools which are not weapons and weapons which are not tools I come to a combined count of 642

Estonia

Clothing - 4

The only 4 objects from Estonia are 2 pairs of shoes

Finland

Clothing - 18

Figures - 2

Music - 4

Ornaments & Beads - 2

Pottery - 0

Religion - 0

Specimens - 0

Tools - 6

Vessels - 2

Weapons - 3

Boxes - 2

Lighting - 1

Textiles - 2

The largest category of objects from this list is clothing, and 8 of those are part of one complete Saami outfit

France

Clothing - 63

Figures - 128

Music - 56

Ornaments & Beads - 221

Pottery - 43

Religion - 76

Specimens - 73

Tools - 3,296

Vessels - 51

Weapons - 488

Boxes - 52

Lighting - 93

Textiles - 36

2,817 of the 3,296 French tools are stone, 3239 are archaeological

Germany

Clothing - 26

Figures - 29

Music - 71

Ornaments & Beads - 46

Pottery - 50

Religion - 37

Specimens - 2

Tools - 109

Vessels - 30

Weapons - 61

Boxes - 99

Lighting - 19

Textiles - 23

Gibraltar

The only item from Gibraltar is is a strike-a-light - which would count as a vessel and fire related classes

Greece

Clothing - 49

Figures - 78

Music - 17

Ornaments & Beads - 43

Pottery - 176

Religion - 52

Specimens - 4

Tools - 63

Vessels - 70

Weapons - 73

Boxes - 2

Lighting - 41

Textiles - 13

Hungary

Clothing - 8

Figures - 6

Music - 12

Ornaments & Beads - 11

Pottery - 6

Religion - 18

Specimens - 0

Tools - 15

Vessels - 1

Weapons - 12

Boxes - 0

Lighting - 1

Textiles - 4

Iceland

Clothing - 16

Figures - 0

Music - 2

Ornaments & Beads - 0

Pottery - 0

Religion - 1

Specimens - 0

Tools - 29

Vessels - 2

Weapons - 8

Boxes - 0

Lighting - 4

Textiles - 7

Ireland

Clothing - 17

Figures - 5

Music - 4

Ornaments & Beads - 48

Pottery - 1

Religion -32

Specimens - 43

Tools - 136

Vessels - 9

Weapons - 150

Boxes - 1

Lighting - 15

Textiles - 5

The tools and weapons figure has been worked out slightly differently from the list of numbers above for the pie chart to take account of the double counting betweent he categories

Ireland or Northern Ireland

Clothing - 1

Figures - 16

Music - 3

Ornaments & Beads - 68

Pottery - 2

Religion - 7

Specimens -

Tools - 297

Vessels - 3

Weapons - 193

Boxes - 0

Lighting - 29

Textiles - 9

As with Ireland the tools and weapons figure has been worked out slightly differently from the list of numbers above for the pie chart to take account of the double counting betweent he categories

Italy

Clothing - 43

Figures - 319

Music - 102

Ornaments & Beads - 565

Pottery - 231

Religion - 421

Specimens - 27

Tools - 328

Vessels - 89

Weapons - 296

Boxes - 120

Lighting - 158

Textiles - 51

Probably the reason for such large numbers of figures and religious objects (and some of the ornaments and beads) is because of the large number of a single type of thing in the Italian collections - amulets (there are 312).

Latvia

Clothing - 4

All 4 Latvian objects are shoes

Lithuania

Clothing - 2

There are 3 Lithuanian entries, one is for a pair of shoes (see above) the other two are for banknotes

Macedonia Yugoslavia

Clothing - 2

Figures - 0

Music - 2

Ornaments & Beads - 3

Pottery - 0

Religion - 1

Specimens - 3

Tools - 1

Vessels - 3

Weapons - 0

Boxes - 0

Lighting - 0

Textiles - 1

Malta

Clothing - 4

Figures - 4

Music - 0

Ornaments & Beads - 46

Pottery - 318

Religion - 213

Specimens - 7

Tools - 35

Vessels - 31

Weapons - 12

Boxes - 1

Lighting - 25

Textiles - 7

Pottery related items are 71 per cent of all Maltese objects but there are also a large number of objects that are classified as Religious, this is because 174 objects are actually classified (amongst other types) as both. It should always be remembered when looking at the most common types in this section that one object can be classified in several different ways and therefore the same objects can appear in several different categories and be double or treble counting in the totals

Montenegro Yugoslavia

Clothing - 15

Figures - 4

Music - 5

Ornaments & Beads - 13

Pottery - 0

Religion - 6

Specimens - 1

Tools - 8

Vessels - 0

Weapons - 11

Boxes - 2

Lighting - 0

Textiles - 7

The Netherlands

Clothing - 17

Figures - 1

Music - 0

Ornaments & Beads - 10

Pottery - 1

Religion - 4

Specimens - 0

Tools - 9

Vessels - 1

Weapons - 9

Boxes - 40

Lighting - 33

Textiles - 0

Norway

Clothing - 72

Figures - 30

Music - 14

Ornaments & Beads - 35

Pottery - 1

Religion - 7

Specimens - 5

Tools - 126

Vessels - 18

Weapons - 79

Boxes - 56

Lighting - 30

Textiles - 40

Poland

Clothing - 4

Figures - 1

Music - 0

Ornaments & Beads - 4

Pottery - 0

Religion - 0

Specimens - 0

Tools - 2

Vessels - 1

Weapons - 2

Boxes - 3

Lighting - 0

Textiles - 0

In fact the 2 tools and 2 weapons are the same 2 objects (ie there are only 2 in total, both of which could be either a tool or a weapon). The most common Polish type of object is currency

Portugal

Clothing - 8

Figures - 42

Music - 3

Ornaments & Beads - 10

Pottery - 8

Religion - 23

Specimens - 62

Tools - 12

Vessels - 8

Weapons - 24

Boxes - 0

Lighting - 13

Textiles - 68

The relatively high number of textiles and specimens actually relat e forthe most part to the same objects (specimens of lace)

Romania

Clothing - 8

Figures - 0

Music - 2

Ornaments & Beads - 10

Pottery - 0

Religion - 9

Specimens - 0

Tools - 1

Vessels - 0

Weapons - 0

Boxes - 0

Lighting - 1

Textiles - 0

The 9 Romanian religious objects which form a significant part of the overall Romanian collection are easter eggs from Oliver Wardrop. They form over a third of the overall collection

Russia

Clothing - 91

Figures - 29

Music - 30

Ornaments & Beads - 20

Pottery - 16

Religion - 27

Specimens - 0

Tools - 32

Vessels - 31

Weapons - 67

Boxes - 14

Lighting - 5

Textiles - 16

Serbia Yugoslavia

Clothing - 2

Figures - 1

Music - 10

Ornaments & Beads - 8

Pottery - 0

Religion - 0

Specimens - 0

Tools - 5

Vessels - 1

Weapons - 2

Boxes - 0

Lighting - 0

Textiles - 0

Slovakia

Vessels - 1

Boxes - 1

This is all the objects from Slovakia

Slovenia

Weapons - 1

Boxes - 1

This is all the objects from Slovenia

Spain

Clothing - 3

Figures - 21

Music - 25

Ornaments & Beads - 22

Pottery - 60

Religion - 34

Specimens - 16

Tools - 69

Vessels - 43

Weapons - 50

Boxes - 0

Lighting - 11

Textiles - 9

Sweden

Clothing - 12

Figures - 19

Music - 16

Ornaments & Beads - 9

Pottery - 6

Religion - 10

Specimens - 0

Tools - 213

Vessels - 35

Weapons - 81

Boxes - 52

Lighting - 122

Textiles - 41

Switzerland

Clothing - 4

Figures - 7

Music - 43

Ornaments & Beads - 90

Pottery - 82

Religion - 12

Specimens - 63

Tools - 403

Vessels - 32

Weapons - 231

Boxes - 2

Lighting - 33

Textiles - 32

UK

Clothing - 354

Figures - 129

Music - 348

Ornaments & Beads - 515

Pottery - 3,646

Religion - 345

Specimens - 1,028

Tools - 14,782

Vessels - 805

Weapons - 3,252

Boxes - 1,008

Lighting - 685

Textiles - 1,556

Of the 3,646 pottery items, 3,599 are archaeological. Of the 14,782 tools, 12,318 are stone tools and 13,295 are archaeological. Of the 1,556 textile related material, 1,134 is lace related.

England

Clothing - 311

Figures - 111

Music - 310

Ornaments & Beads - 380

Pottery - 3,564

Religion - 295

Specimens - 893

Tools - 12,943

Vessels - 704

Weapons - 2575

Boxes - 859

Lighting - 531

Textiles - 1,436

Scotland

Clothing - 26

Figures - 7

Music - 11

Ornaments & Beads - 92

Pottery - 28

Religion - 22

Specimens - 2

Tools - 243

Vessels - 33

Weapons - 145

Boxes - 119

Lighting - 82

Textiles - 85

Northern Ireland

Clothing - 0

Figures - 3

Music - 3

Ornaments & Beads - 21

Pottery - 5

Religion - 10

Specimens - 1

Tools - 557

Vessels - 0

Weapons - 301

Boxes - 0

Lighting - 10

Textiles - 9

Wales

Clothing - 3

Figures - 1

Music - 6

Ornaments & Beads - 4

Pottery - 12

Religion - 10

Specimens - 53

Tools - 467

Vessels - 28

Weapons - 138

Boxes - 0

Lighting - 48

Textiles - 2

Channel Ids

Clothing - 0

Figures - 0

Music - 0

Ornaments & Beads - 1

Pottery - 11

Religion - 1

Specimens - 11

Tools - 302

Vessels - 2

Weapons - 44

Boxes - 12

Lighting - 8

Textiles - 0

This table includes all the classes for which figures are given above

NB this table does not contain all the classes, only those with a UK total of over 500.

This table amply illustrates the domination of England over the countries in terms of numbers of objects in the collections

Ukraine

Clothing - 9

Figures - 0

Music - 2

Ornaments & Beads - 9

Pottery - 1

Religion - 6

Specimens - 0

Tools - 3

Vessels - 1

Weapons - 48

Boxes - 0

Lighting - 0

Textiles - 0

Vatican City

All 8 items from the Vatican City are gun flints (and are therefore weapons).

Summary

In general the UK is in fact by far the most dominant European collection. Its figures whether divided into classes or taken as a whole overshadow the other European countries collections, this is especially true of tools and weapons and of stone tools in particular.

That is, one in every fourth European objects in the collections up to 1945 was a stone tool from the UK, and as can be seen from the next pie chart nearly one in four is in fact a stone tool from England so greatly does England dominate the UK figures for all classes. Truly the PRM has a wide ranging home collection.

As has been shown before the UK forms 61 per cent of the overall European collection, and England forms 54 per cent (see Part I). It is therefore not surprising that these figures so dominate other coutries figures for particular classes of objects